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Kavousi Vronda (also Vronda; Greek: Βροντάς or Βρόντα) is an archaeological site in eastern Crete, Greece.〔Boyd 1901; Gesell, Coulson, and Day 1983; Haggis 2005, p. 134, site 77; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, p. 1–2.〕 It is situated in the northern foothills of the Thripti Mountains overlooking the Gulf of Mirabello, at an elevation of 427 m above sea level, about 1.25 km south of the modern village of Kavousi, a historic village in the municipality of Ierapetra in the prefecture of Lasithi. The ancient name of the site is unknown. "Vronda" ("Thunder Hill"), as it was called by the pioneering archaeologist Harriet Boyd () at the beginning of the 20th century,〔Boyd 1901, p. 131〕 is a local toponym; the entire ridge and surrounding area are also also referred to as "Xerambela" ("Dry Vineyards").〔Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, p. 3〕 Most of the visible remains on the site belong to a “Dark Age” settlement〔McEnroe 2010, pp. 147–150, 154–159; Wallace 2010, pp. 104–126; Day et al. forthcoming〕 dating to the Late Minoan IIIC period (c. 1170–1050 BCE) and a slightly later, Early Iron Age cemetery (c. 1050–675 BCE).〔Day 2011〕 ==History== Investigations by archaeologists affiliated with the American School of Classical Studies in Athens and the Institute for Aegean Prehistory have recovered evidence of human activity on the Vronda ridge as early as the Final Neolithic period (4th millennium BCE) and continuing, with interruptions, through the end of the Bronze Age (3rd and 2nd millennia BCE) and transition to the Iron Age (1st millennium BCE). Later remains attest to limited occupation and use of the site during the Venetian (13th–17th centuries C.E.), Ottoman (17th–19th centuries C.E.) and even Modern (early 20th century C.E) periods.〔Day, Klein and Turner 2009, pp. 2–8; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 * The earliest preserved architectural remains date to the Protopalatial period (Middle Minoan IB–Middle Minoan IIB), when a substantial building (Building P) was constructed on the eastern side of the summit; a Minoan kernos (or cupule stone) found in a partially paved courtyard nearby to the south may date from the same era.〔Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, pp. 65–77; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 Ceramic remains associated with Building P suggest elite feasting and drinking activities, while a clay nodulus implies some type of administrative function. Evidence for other Protopalatial structures consists of a fragmentary wall on the eastern slope and several deposits of pottery used in later fills on the summit, the southeast slope, and the west slope.〔Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, pp. 73–74; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 * Evidence for occupation during the Neopalatial period (Middle Minoan III–Late Minoan I) consists of only a few walls, a pit on the summit, and substantial deposits of Neopalatial pottery used in later leveling fills.〔Day, Klein, and Turner 2009, pp. 59–63; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 The site apparently went out of use at the end of the Neopalatial period (Late Minoan IB); most of the architecture may have been dismantled or destroyed when the site was re-inhabited in the Late Minoan IIIC period. * In the Late Minoan IIIC period, the site was occupied by a small settlement covering an area of at least 0.50 hectares.〔Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 Contemporary with the much larger settlement at Karphi in the Lasithi Plateau, the Vronda settlement consisted of about 15-20 houses, a large building on the summit that may have been the home of the community leader and a place for ritual feasting and drinking ceremonies (Building A-B), a freestanding temple or shrine of the “Goddess with Upraised Arms” (Building G), and a kiln.〔Day and Snyder 2004; Gesell 2004; Glowacki 2004; Klein 2004; Glowacki 2007; Day, Klein, and Turner 2009; McEnroe 2010, pp. 147–150, 154–159; Wallace 2010, pp.104–126, 127–135; Glowacki and Klein 2011; Day and Glowacki 2012; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 The settlement was abandoned at the very end of the Late Minoan IIIC period. Although it is unknown why the inhabitants left or where they went, it is likely that at least some of them moved to the settlements at nearby Kavousi Kastro and Azoria.〔Day 2011, p. 749–750; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 * The abandoned settlement was subsequently used as a burial ground, possibly by the descendants of the original villagers. During the Subminoan (11th century BCE) and Protogeometric (10th century BCE) periods, inhumation burials were placed in small, corbelled tholos tombs, generally located at the northern and northwestern edges of the former settlement. In the Geometric (9th–8th centuries BCE) and Early Orientalizing (7th century BCE) periods, cremation burials were placed in stone-built enclosures, often within the rooms and doorways of the long-abandoned and partially collapsed houses of the Late Minoan IIIC settlement. The cemetery at Vronda went out of use completely in the Early Orientalizing period.〔Liston 2007; Day 2011; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 * The site seems to have been largely uninhabited from the 7th century BCE until the Venetian period (13th–17th century CE), when small buildings were constructed on the summit (Building R) and southern slope (Building F). From the same period is a partially excavated building ("Xerambela farmstead") with associated ''alonia'' (circular threshing floors) some 200 meters to the north of the Vronda ridge. Later periods are represented only by few ceramic remains or miscellaneous artifacts.〔Day, Klein and Turner 2009, pp. 2–8; Day et al., forthcoming.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kavousi Vronda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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